Health Professional Attitudes Mental People -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Health Professional Attitudes Mental People? Answer: Presentation In Australia, psychological sickness is broad and has noteworthy effect on the social, individual and monetary levels. Be that as it may, the pace of pervasiveness changes over the life expectancy (Sunderland, Newby Andrews, 2013). The National Mental Health Strategy has guided the changes in psychological wellness in Australia since 1992. The First National Mental Health Plan spoke to co-ordinated emotional wellness reform(Commonwealth of Australia(CoA), 2009), while the second and the third National Mental Health Plansidentified the significance of cross-sectoral organization between psychological well-being and prosperity while reacting to the difficulty of dysfunctional behavior by means of an incorporated assistance framework (CoA, 2009). As indicated by National Mental Health Plan, psychological maladjustment of viewed as the most well-known and significant intricacy in the zones like oncology, strokes and myocardial infraction. The psychological sickness related with this mind boggling ailment influences the personal satisfaction. The far reaching usage of the goals drafted by the principal, second and third National Mental Health Plan prompted a huge change in the emotional well-being condition in Australia (CoA, 2009). This prompted the development in the state-an area of emotional wellness workforce alongside increment in the nature of the network based help. The Fourth National Mental Health Plan recognizes that there is still a lot to be done in the emotional wellness part in Australia. As indicated by the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (2007), led by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), there is a significant dissimilarity in the psychological well-being condition and accessible treatment among the states and the domains. Only 33% of the populace sufferingfrom psychological sickness benefit emotional well-being administrations every year. The primary casualties of psychological sickness are early grown-up populace and basic dy sfunctional behaviors are tension and mind-set issue. There is likewise a popularity formental medicinal services in intense and crisis units. Difficulties exist in relationto enlisting and holding the psychological wellness workforce. Also, emotional wellness shoppers despite everything report that they face issues in getting to far reaching psychological well-being care. In this way the Fourth National Mental Health Plan intends to improve these holes in the emotional wellness acquisition in Australia by means of community approach that will help in encouraging reciprocal projects that will convey responsive services(CoA, 2009). Such a wide emotional well-being improvement viewpoint as taken by the Fourth Plan is of enthusiasm as it is the first since forever plan to highlighta communitarian approach in mental health(CoA, 2009). Shared methodology is a significant space of psychological well-being as it helps in the cooperation or development of a between disciplinary group and th is will thus help the patient of profit an educated at this point quality consideration (Dogra,FrakeWarner-Gale , Parkin, 2017). The accompanying report means to break down the Fourth National Mental Health Plan dependent on the structure of Health Service Planning and Policy Toolkit by World Health Organization (2005). Understanding on strategy The Fourth National Mental Health Policy came without hesitation when there is a significant spotlight on the duties and jobs of government inside the psychological well-being structure. The possibility of the arrangement is to control change and recognize the chief activities that can lead towards a significant advancement towards achievement of the vision of the second and the third National Mental Health Policy. The arrangement was surrounded to help the changes in psychological well-being. The principle need zone of the arrangement is to advance emotional wellness and prosperity among the number of inhabitants in Australia through decreasing the effect of psychological maladjustment. The decrease in the chronicity of psychological sickness will be advanced by means of tending to the holes distinguished inside the psychological medicinal services framework. The Fourth Plan additionally perceives the psychological well-being care needs of the indigenous populace in Australia while conveying exhaustive emotional wellness care(CoA, 2009). Hence this arrangement was not quite the same as other arrangement in the angle that it receives a populace based psychological wellness system. This structure perceives the determinants of psychological wellness while recognizing the significance of emotional well-being over the life expectancy. Basic analysisof the approach Wellbeing administration arranging and strategy toolbox by WHO (2005) Strategy chose for Critique Emotional well-being Policy by the Department of Health Government of Australia Strategy title Fourth national psychological well-being plan: a plan for shared government activity in emotional well-being 2009-2014 Explanation behind choice of strategy Psychological maladjustment is across the board in Australia, as indicated by the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing Australia (2017), one out of the 5 individuals matured between 16 to 85 years old experiences dysfunctional behaviors like tension, temperament issue. This cast a generous effect on the social, individual and financial spaces of life(CoA, 2009). The Fourth Plan underlines the way where the changes in the psychological wellness area can co-relate with the approach course of other related government portfolios with a point towards guaranteeing that individuals with emotional wellness issues can exploit from them in the most elevated conceivable way (CoA, 2009) Essentialness of strategy for the wellbeing of the populace The essentialness of the strategy liesin the way that it prioritisesthe privileges of the shoppers, carers and the families and offers significance to educated dynamic with respect to the procedure of administration choices, determination of advantages and foreseen dangers (CoA, 2009). The strategy likewise addresses social avoidance, differential consideration plan for various age bunches alongside administration value. In this way the strategy throws a general vision for a stable emotional well-being framework that helps recuperation while forestalling early psychological sickness and exhaustive treatment for all the Australians (CoA, 2009). Fourth National Mental Health Plan imparts connections to every single part of the National Mental Health Strategy and in this way making it progressively noteworthy (subtleties given in informative supplement). It additionally gives the psychological wellness plan an entire government approach consequently connecting each part of emotional wel lness with the administration structure (CoA, 2009). Expert or individual intrigue Enthusiasm for this approach is gotten from the way that the arrangement focuses on an extent of the populace who are experiencing dysfunctional behavior. The arrangement additionally covers enthusiasm of the carers or the relatives of the people who are experiencing dysfunctional behavior. As indicated by the reports distributed by the Government of Australia, Department of Health, psychological maladjustment impacts on a people life at various degrees of seriousness and expands the danger of those influenced, encountering a scope of antagonistic wellbeing, monetary and social results. Another point of the fourth strategy plan is to address the framework shortcoming through conference and procedure and this has created individual enthusiasm for me for choosing this approach as it guarantees a total patch up of the current emotional well-being strategy (CoA, 2009). How, when and why strategy appeared The Fourth National Mental Health Plan appeared in December 2008. The approach was intended to give a general vision and goal for a far reaching psychological well-being structure in Australia. The arrangement was embraced by the wellbeing pastors to control changes while distinguishing chief activities that can impact noteworthy advancement towards achieving the point of the strategy (CoA, 2009). The principle conceptualize the emotional well-being under the system of the populace wellbeing subsequently giving a far reaching approach towards social insurance. In this complete populace based emotional wellness approach, the fourth national psychological wellness plan underscore the surrounding of the psychological wellness strategy dependent on the pre-planned government psychological well-being portfolio. This populace wellbeing structure and entire government approach are the two most conspicuous segments that make this fourth national psychological well-being plan a significant em otional wellness viewpoint for Australia (CoA, 2009). What impacted approach creators to receive this arrangement (strategy targets) The five goals of the Fourth National Mental Health Plan are: social consideration and recuperation by means of improving the administration and network comprehension and perspectives towards supported national shame decrease methodology; counteraction and early intercession by means of working with in a joint effort with schools and work environments and conveying projects to improve the emotional well-being proficiency which upgrading strength; prioritization of administration access alongside appropriate co-appointment and coherence of care by means of creating structure of national assistance arranging that helps in the foundation of focuses for the psychological wellness administrations which are upheld by imaginative financing models; quality improvement alongside advancement by means of basically checking on the Mental Health Statement of Rights and Responsibilities; responsibility by means of detailing progress through national emotional wellness information (CoA, 2009). The surrounding of the strategies are predominantly founded on not many standards of perfect obtainment of the psychological wellness in Australia. The significant impact of the Fourth National Mental Health Plan incorporate regard and right of the far reaching emotional wellness for the customers and their relatives, submitted administration conveyance approach, destruction of the social prohibition and giving psychological wellness administration dependent on the social assorted variety over the networks and all through the life expectancy (CoA, 2009). Who are the arrangement creators? Pastoral Advisory Council is the fundamental patron towards the Fourth National Mental Health Plan(CoA, 2009). Intrigue bunch they speak to The Fourth Plan focuses on a populace dwelling (this is an inappropriate word here. What do you mean?...is it living? with emotional wellness inconveniences and psychological instability. Since the whole Austral

University Land Deal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

College Land Deal - Essay Example His wellsprings of intensity are the way that he knows about $16 million residence that the all-encompassing college had prior arranged, and it was worse than what they needed to auction. He was likewise mindful that there were barely any neighborhood properties that could fill in as an examination. Father Farrell likewise realized that the long college needed extension of local locations and their place was a helpful one. Father Farrell’s BATNA was the $18.3million which he had haggled before with a business designer. Father’s RP is $17.8 million since it was the keep going value he had on his choices as all the more start on talked about with the board individuals. Her advantage was to get the three residences since her college required extension zone for private. Her wellspring of intensity was the way that St. James School was giving the best spot to private, and she made certain about it. Her BATNA would be $16 million she had involvement in another

Why Do Therapists Ask Open-Ended Questions

Why Do Therapists Ask Open-Ended Questions Psychotherapy Print Why Do Therapists Ask Open-Ended Questions? By Leonard Holmes Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 05, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 25, 2018 Richard Clark / Getty Images More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy If youve ever been in therapy, you have probably noticed that your therapist asks a lot of vague questions. In fact, this has even become a source of humor in pop culture. Bob Newharts famous question, How did that make you feel? has become a standard way to lampoon therapy. Open-ended questions are tools that are not only useful in therapy, they are also good ways to start conversations. Learn the value of these seemingly-vague kinds of questions. The Difference Between Open-Ended and Closed-Ended Questions Most therapists are trained to ask open-ended questions. Open-ended questions are ones that allow you to provide whatever amount of detail you want, rather than simply answering yes or no. Open-ended questions encourage you to share relevant material about your life, your  way of thinking, and your beliefs. Consider the following sentences: Do  you have a good relationship with your parents?Tell me about your relationship with your parents. The material covered is identical, but the answers will likely be very different. The first question is a closed-ended question. The expected reply is yes or no. If a therapist asks that question and gets one of those answers, the ball is back in the therapists court to encourage a fuller response. With a close-ended question, a client may choose to say more, but often they do not. There is another important difference between these two sentences. Number one is a leading question. It introduces the idea of good into the clients consciousness. This is not a particularly troubling example of a leading question, but consider a question like, Did your father sexually abuse you? Due to the fact that this question may prompt a certain answer, therapists generally avoid asking ones like that. One pitfall to avoid is ensuring your open-ended question is actually closed-ended. Sometimes you craft a question that is complicated and seems to you to be open-ended, but in fact, can result in an answer that is basically yes-or-no. Types of Open-Ended Questions When developing open-ended questions, they are likely to feature the typical who, what, where, when, why, and how used in good journalism. But these questions draw out different kinds of responses that can be useful for a therapist. Questions that focus on how often bring out answers that discuss the persons feelings and emotions or the processes they go through. Questions focusing on what will lead the person to talk about facts. When and where will lead to answers about the time, sequence, and place of events. Who can elicit insights into relationships. Questions beginning with why will bring out reasons. However, you must be careful as asking why can seem accusatory and could lead to defensiveness and justification. The proper tone of voice is important for a why question to be received as non-judgmental. Questions Therapists May Ask at Your First Appointment Every therapist is different, as are the approaches they may use. However, these are some common questions that therapists may ask at your first appointment. These include: What brings you here today?Have you seen a counselor/therapist/psychologist before?What do you see as being the biggest problem?How does that problem make you feel?What makes the problem better?What positive changes would you like to see happen in your life?In general, how would you say your mood is?What sort of things are you expecting from therapy?What sort of things would it take to make you happier or more at peace? Using Open-Ended Questions in Daily Life The principle of asking open-ended questions versus close-ended questions can be used by anyone trying to get a conversation going. For instance, if you are talking with someone you dont know very well, ask them open-ended questions. In fact, if you think of a question with a yes or no answer, see if you can change it into a more open-ended version and ask that instead. The conversation will likely move along more easily, and you will get to know that person on a deeper level. A Word From Verywell Open-ended questions are not meant to be vague, evasive, or annoying. Rather, they are your therapists way of getting to know you, like what makes you tick, what you think, what bugs you, what you love, and how she or he can best help you.

Loneliness And Pain With A Drizzle Of Mixed Emotions About...

Heartache and pain with a drizzle of mixed emotions about life as an independent woman is what Kate Chopin was confronted with and it is what she wrote about in her short stories. We are talking about a woman before her time that challenged all to see the world through representations of reality. She was able to see the world for what it was during a difficult time for people of color and women battling to have equal rights. Repeatedly, she wrote about death, exotic thoughts, superficial love and real life issues however, the stories she wrote often portrayed some form of the life events and struggles that she in fact faced herself. As a young girl Kate was exposed to, and witnessed many events that helped to influence her unique writing†¦show more content†¦But I know it isn’t true. I know he says that to please me. And mamma,† she added drawing on her mother’s head down to her, and whispers â€Å"he hasn’t punished one of them – not one o f them- since the baby was born (pg. 422423 American Literature.) In comparison this relates to Kate’s real life events with the region in which she lived, the social class of her real life husband and slavery. When Kate was nineteen she married Oscar Chopin whom was a successful cotton broker, and over the next ten years she and Oscar had children and this seemed to have brought joy to Kate and Oscar’s life. (pg. 420 American Literature) This seems to be a similar story line in both Desiree and Kate’s life. They both met and married a successful man, they both lived in Louisiana, have a child or children and seem to be happy. Even though Kate’s and Desiree’s story seem to take a different turn of events for a moment in time there are items that need to be brought to light. Kate brings the area of Louisiana to life when she describes the â€Å" the sad looking place, which had not known the gentle presence of a women and how the steep roof came do wn and looked like a cowl.† Big, solemn oaks that grew close to the house that shadowed the home like a pall (pg. 422 American Literature) Kate witnessed this area in great detail and she was able to make this portion of the story so believable that while reading this section, the vision is brought to life. If Kate had not observe the land ofShow MoreRelatedVampire Diaries61771 Words   |  248 Pagesnow. Stefan didnt say it, but Elena knew it was what he was thinking. She could see it in the way he stared at her. She had never been so sure of her power. Except that actually he didnt look as if he were having a good time; he looked stricken, in pain, as if he couldnt take one more minute of this. The band was starting up, a slow dance. He was still staring at her, drinking her in. Those green eyes darkening, going black with desire. She had the sudden feeling that he might jerk her to him andRead MoreThe Ballad of the Sad Cafe46714 Words   |  187 PagesSouthern town. . . A young boy learning the difficult lessons of manhood. . . A fateful encounter with his native land and former love. . . These are parts of the world of Carson McCullers -- a world of the lost, the injured, the eternal strangers at life s feast. Here are brilliant revelations of love and longing, bitter heartbreak and occasional happiness -- tales that probe the very heart of our lives. CARSON McCULLERS (1917-1967) When she was only twenty-three, Carson McCullers first novel

A Brief Note On Bar Code Technology On A New Electronic...

Initializing Bar Code Technology in a New Electronic Health Record System Alizabeth Madison Liberty University Implementing Bar Code Technology in a New Electronic Health Record System â€Å"The United States based Institute of Medicine (IOM) reported in 1999 that at least 44,000 people, and perhaps as many as 98,000 people, die in hospitals each year as a result of medical errors that could have been prevented†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Anonymous, 2015). When faced with more than a singular sentinel event related to medication administration errors, the organization must begin to look into why this happened and what can be done to prevent any more errors from occurring. Implementing new bar code technology into a new electronic health record (EHR) system can dramatically reduce the number of errors made by healthcare providers. In order to implement a new system; several steps must occur. An informatics nurse plays a vital role in not only the design of new program interfaces, but in developing educational programs for the new systems. Not all studies have shown that implementing a new bar coding system can be beneficial to healthcare providers, though. Assessment and Framework Assessing the situation is the first step in implementing a new system. Knowing where the errors have occurred is a must in knowing what needs improved. In this instance, there have been two sentinel events surrounding the usage of the current electronic health record (EHR) and medication administration.Show MoreRelatedMedication Errors From A Nursing1127 Words   |  5 Pagesto prescribing or dispensing, 26-32% of all erroneous drug interventions occur during the nursing administration and monitoring phases (Anderson Townsend, 2010). 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Advanced Boot Options Free Essays

The recovery tools available in windows 7 are ? ? ? Advanced Boot Options Menu Startup Repair Tool Backup Restore Center System Protections Frequently used recovery techniques are Event Viewer – if OS doesn’t load in normal or safe mode, check the event viewer for problems occur in security, system and apps logs. Safe Mode: Loads minimum of services drivers only needed to load win 7. Can troubleshoot the devices and drivers. We will write a custom essay sample on Advanced Boot Options or any similar topic only for you Order Now Last Known Good Configuration Startup Repair Tool Backup Restore Center System Restore Using Advanced Boot options: Used to troubleshoot error that allows windows 7 from successful booting. To access press F8 while startup. The options available are Safe mode Safe mode with networking– safe mode with networking enabled Safe mode with command prompt – safe mode in CLI Enable Boot logging– creates log file â€Å"ntbtlog. txt† records all process occur during booting. Enable low resolution video (640Ãâ€"480)- uses standard vga drivers for display. Last known good configuration– Restores last Config that runs in good condition. Directory Services Restore Mode- Used for domain controllers Debugging Mode- Runs kernel debugger. Advanced troubleshooting tools Disable Automatic Restart on System failure- prevents system from restarting when it fails to boot. Disable driver signature enforcement- enforces driver to install that don’t have valid signature Start windows normally- Normal startup Startup Repair Tool: If system files of windows 7 is failed to boot or corrupted or deleted, using windows 7 media can able to restore it. But this tool cannot handle Hardware failures Backup and Restore: Used for user of windows 7 to protect their personal data from disaster. This tool is used for making a backup of your data and also it can able to restore the backup data. This tool can be opened in â€Å"control panelackup and restore† In that console user can find advanced boot options o Turn off the schedule – backup schedule is turned off o Create a system restore image – Backup OS files o Create a system repair disk – Create bootable disk Creating System Image: It captures the snapshot of entire hdd stored in specified location Control panel - Backup Restore center- CREATE system Image link - choose location - START backup- no for system repair disk. After the above process the image is created Restoring Image: Load win 7 media to dvd rom, reboot the machine -enter in to â€Å"Repair your computer† Now select OS- system recover option appears-choose windows complete pc restore- select the image- Restore it. Using System Protection: It creates backup and saves the configuration info of system files and settings It don’t overwrite, it saves in previous versions which is called as â€Å"restore point† So user can return to multiple possible configurations It creates restores points automatically if file system in NTFS, manually also can create. To open â€Å"sysdm. cpl† open system protection tab. How to cite Advanced Boot Options, Papers

Walmart for Ethical Management

Question: Discuss about the Walmart for Ethical Management. Answer: Introduction 21st Century has made Ethics, an integral priority of any Organization. Ethics refer to values and principles followed by the employees of an organization while delivering services or taking decisions for the firm. Since Sam Walton founded Walmart stores, it has always been a value-based organization, ethically catering the needs of the people. Global ethics have been held responsible for promoting Walmarts Culture of Integrity. But in the recent times, the firm has constantly been questioned on its ethical practices. This piece of work below is written to attain three pivotal objectives: Firstly, to critically evaluate the sustainable practices of the firm and their validity; Secondly, to unveil the ethical issues of the firm, its stakeholders and companys measures to combat them and; Thirdly, to assess the authenticity of the CSR activities of the brand. Walmarts approaches towards Sustainability Walmart has always tried to provide the best standards of living to its consumers by offering them the products at a lower price than the competitors. The company has been able to maintain a good relationship with all its reliable customers, but, at the same time it has failed in meeting the needs of other stakeholders in the brand i.e. the employees. The firm has been criticized a lot because of its policies and business practices. The firm is offering very low wages to its employees and with this have a low- benefit employment model across all its branches. Apart from this the firm has also failed in providing a good working ambience by compelling its workers to work overtime in this minimum wage (Sachs Goldsmith, 2016). The cheaper health- insurance plans introduced by the firm were also questioned by the critics as the firm by these plans was trying to avoid the deteriorating health conditions of the employees. Even the firm has also been criticized for punishing the union activ ities which were organized to fight for the rights of the employees. Another instance revealed that the firm was not able to provide adequate safety to its workers who worked in the factories. The workers suffered inhuman conditions because of the Machines, Toxic Glues, Dust and Chemical Solvents. This has raised several questions over the Health-Safety and Maintenance Policy of the brand. The company has also faced a great criticism over violations of certain ethical laws and regulations prevailing in the society. For instance, a critical report was released by the department Labors Settlement Agreement that accused Walmart over Child-Labor Violations (Fairness, 2016). The report revealed that over 200 children, below the age of 11 years, were involved in sewing clothes for the firm. These children were found to be beaten, forced to work for 12- 14 hours a day, often seven days a week and for wages as low as 6.5 cents an hour. In the year 2003, it was also unveiled that the Walmart s Cleaning Contractors are hiring illegal immigrants in order to arrange cheap workforces from other developing countries. Although Walmart was not successful in creating a sustainable relationship with its employees and the society members, yet, towards the environment, the firm has been able to fulfill its responsibilities. The firms factories have major of its energy sources as renewable ones (Everblue Training LLC, 2011). According to Walmart, renewable resources give the most affordable and cleaner form of energy. The company also aims to achieve Zero waste across the global operations (Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 2016). In the US, more than 81% of the materials obtained from companys stores are being diverted from Landfills. In addition to this, the companys outlets are also banning Plastic bags and promoting bio- degradable one time use bags to avoid accumulation of land wastes. In Japan, the company started an initiative to use non-tray packaging for meats and sea foods and also introduced a corn- based bio- plastic wrap for nearly half of its packaged products. Hence, in terms of Sustainable practices, Walmart has to work over its strategies related to employees and societies because human resource is a major asset for any leading firm and if a brand fails to create a good image in front of these resources then it ultimately fails to expand its customer bases in the coming future (Pendola, 2014). Ethical Issues of the firm and their adressal As Walmart is a leading giant with strong position in almost all the markets across the globe, hence, its executives are supposed to high sense of values and conduct honesty and fair practices with all the shareholders. Although, the brand has succeeded in providing products at a lower price than the competitors, yet, it has been accused for a number of unethical issues (CNBC News, 2016). At present the company is considered as the worlds largest employer with over 2.1 billion employees and simultaneously they have their fare share of opportunities to indulge in activities like fraud, bribery, ill-treatment of the employees, Gender and Sexual Discrimination, Child Labor Violations, etc. The company is known to underpay the overtime workers. Above all this, the employees were not even given a proper ambience to work neither so they have a possession to the minimum wages set by the country. According to a statistics, an average Walmart worker makes between $12,000 and $17,000 which is not enough for leading life in a developed nation (Stavros, 2014). The company has adopted this strategy because it wants to cut on its operational costs to keep the prices of its products low as compare to the competitors. To cope up with this and retain the employees for a longer duration, the company has smartly introduced an Insurance cover for health issues. This strategy also acted as a compensation for the negligence of the health and security of the employees at the workplace. Walmart is also known for manipulating other countries where the company seeks foreign markets, with their market power and even control the environmental laws and other legal obligations of the country. To get away with this, the firm sells its products at a very low price, hence, it is highly acknowledged by the customers of the foreign as wells as domestic markets. This is the only defense f the firm and somehow succeeds in justifying all its sins. So, particularly the firm isnt doing anything out o f their way to combat these issues (Banjo Trottman, 2014). The marketing policies and strategies are strong enough to maintain the firms popularity in the markets. According to a report of the New York Times, the company was also found to be involved in suspicious payments to Mexican officials in 2012. This bribery amount accounted up to $24 million and the officials were paid to sneak into things that were prohibited by the countrys laws. This is only a single case; the firm is found guilty in a number of unethical cases every year, but its power and position never lets it to face any hindrance in its business activities. The firm is failing in recognizing the potential problems and they are probably going to pay for this negligence (Mascarenhas, 2013). Companys Corporate Social Responsibilities Carroll (1991) organized myriads of CSR activities as a four-layered pyramid model and designated it as a pyramid of responsibilities. This model describes these activities as four interrelated aspects of responsibilities. In Global Responsibility Report 2013, Walmart declared that it has a responsibility to lead and opportunity to make a difference on the giant issues prevailing all over the world. Walmart is among those countries that have started a number of initiatives towards implementing CSR activities in all the operations it performs, whether it is towards the stakeholders of the company or towards the economy and environment of a country. While exhibiting its roles in this field, the firm majorly focuses on four key regions, which includes: Social Responsibility, Local Responsibility, Environmental Responsibility and Responsibility towards its own Company (Gunther, 2011). In the direction of its first field, Walmart has been consistently working for the empowerment of Women across the globe and for this the firm foundations are providing education, training and career opportunities to around 1 million women worldwide. Apart from this, Walmart has given a number of citizens as access to healthy food and helped in relieving hunger problems. For this, the company has till now given over $1 billion in charitable contributions at the global level. At the Local level, the company is known to introduce the facilities of micro- loans and promoting local farming. For instance, the brand is committed to purchase additional $50 billion UD- produced goods in the coming decade. Walmart is counted among the best employers of the world and has succeeded in providing jobs to millions of talents across the globe and to add more to this, the company at present plans to hire more than 100,000 US veterans over the next five years (University Alliance, 2013). Walmarts commitment to diversity enables the company to better serve its customers and to provide a positive ambien ce to its workers to deliver their best. The dual impact of both Women empowerment and diversity promotion is seen in another fact for the company that at Walmart, Women account for almost 30% its corporate offices and this number is double the average for Fortune 500 companies. The responsibilities of any leading firm are not restricted only towards the society and to its stakeholders. In order to achieve and retain sustainability in all the operational areas, a firm needs to show its responsibilities towards the environment and its elements too. Walmart has turned its garbage into a useful asset by diverting around 80% of the wastes away from the landfills. The firm is also reducing energy use and plastic shopping bag use. At present, to reduce its contribution in the environmental pollution levels, Walmart has made its energy sources to be derived from renewable sources like Coal and Natural gas (Ukessays Team, 2015). The company is also investing in solar energy and hydrogen cel l powered vehicles. Although the company is seen being engaged in numerous CSR activities, yet, Walmarts unethical activities show that they are unable to implement the elements of CSR in a well manner. To avoid the ill consequences of this, the firm needs to abide by laws, behave ethically and even comply with international customs. Just focusing on productivity and profitability will not allow the firm to attain its aim of sustainability in all possible operations (Hooper, 2010). Stakeholders for the firm Freeman (1984) defines Stakeholder as a group as an individual who can affect or is highly influenced by the organizations activities, policies and objectives. Mitchell, Agle and Wood collaboratively have given The Stakeholder Salience Theory which unveils the three main categories of Stakeholders attributes as: Power, Legitimacy and Urgency. The Power attribute says that Stakeholders posses all sorts of powers that can influence the working methodologies and outcomes for a company (Kirilova, 2014). The Legitimate element says that all the Stakeholders have a legal relationship with the company and Urgency elements impart the Stakeholders with a capability of urgent claim on the company. Walmarts stakeholders can be grouped based on their shared interests. Stakeholders for this or any other firm could be divided as internal (managers and employees) and external (Investors, customers and suppliers). The managers and employees form a strong internal backup for the firm. The manager rec ruits the best possible talent for the firm and motivates them to deliver the best of their abilities. In managerial decisions of the company, the employees are the prime considerations (Meyer, 2016). The major assets for any company are its human resources and employees form a major proportion of this resource. The major interests of employees are job security, continuity in the job and higher wages. The job security offered by the firm guarantees the recruited talents that they will be the part of the company till they want to deliver their services. As Walmart has always been criticized for providing low wages to its employees, hence higher wages become another crucial interest of these Stakeholders. Investors are the most prioritized stakeholders of the company as they are only interested in the profits and thus want Walmart to make more and more profit with time. The interest of the investors is to lower the operational costs of the firm as low costs of a firm leads to higher p rofits for the investors. The primary objective of Walmart is to generate profits and thus the company minimizes the wages in order to lower their operational costs. The position of the customers is second to the Investors among the Stakeholders. These are not an individual, but a whole Stakeholder group that is meant to be attracted towards the offers and lower prices of the products set by the company (Hayden, et al., 2002). However, these stakeholders remain attached to the company only when the low prices of the products are accompanied by acceptable qualities of the same. The least prioritized stakeholders for the Walmart are the Suppliers. These are those people who want to sell their products at the Walmart stores and make a profit by the same. Hence the ultimate profit is earned by the suppliers and not by the company itself. The suppliers provide the goods that would be displayed in the stores and they want Walmart to sell their products at a higher price. But as the bargai ning power of the suppliers is not too strong in the case of Walmart, hence, the suppliers actually do not get what they want. The firm has effectively addressed the needs of the customers and investors, but, Walmart partly satisfies its employees as they are not getting the wages according to their work. Thus, it has to improve its strategies to satisfy all the stakeholders (Jeena, 2012). Recommendations for an Ethical Future When Sam Walton founded the Walmart, he established the Three Basic Beliefs to which the firm remained committed but only for a short period. These beliefs were, Respect for the individual, Service to the Customers and Strive for Excellence. Walmart is able to adhere to the last two beliefs, but has not been able to respect the major stakeholders of its company, i.e. its employees. Conducting ethical business practices and motivating the employees to do the same brings a number of benefits for a firm (Walton Scott, 2005). On the other hand, unethical business has the capability to hurt the stakeholders and tarnish the firms reputation in the current as well as in the potential markets. Without ethical grounds the companies often shift towards committing some illegal offenses where bending and breaking laws lead to lawsuits and indictments. Even the public acceptance of such companies becomes impossible as in todays transparent era, unethical behavior is intolerable. For Walmart, the investors are the most prioritized stakeholders for maximizing the companys profit; however, if the firm continues with its unethical practices then the investors will definitely avoid the future relationships (Seattle Pacific University, 2009). The recent market declines have partly resulted from concerns about unethical accounting practices. The leading researchers in the marketing world have suggested that people tend to deliver their best in an open, creative, ethical environment. But Walmart has failed to provide this kind of ambience to its employees and even they are not being paid according to their efforts. Hence, with this poor reputation among the job seekers, Walmart is facing a great difficulty in attracting and retaining the top talents across the globe. Ethical and sustainable practices are also a matter of personal pride. The companys leaders feel proud of their accomplishments knowing that they didnt compromise over their responsibilities while working for the firm . The recommendations for Walmart in such cases are quite candid as it needs to work upon the policies for its employees. The firm has to show that it cares for its employees and they are a crucial asset for the company. Moreover, the wages issues could only be resolved if the firm offers them with perks and benefits at regular intervals (HaloScan Team, 2004). This will make them feel more motivated and they will perform to their best. To attract and retain more and more suppliers, Walmart could build trustworthy relationships with them and for the customers the maintenance of quality would be enough. Ethics and CSR activities are the only two crucial solutions for the company in order to strive in the competitive business world while maintaining a sustainable relationship with all the major and minor stakeholders of the company (Paswan, 2012). Conclusion Walmart should implement some credible changes in its strategies and operations. No company across the globe is immune to ethical issues. However, only those firms succeed that identifies these problems at the initial level and develop strategies to combat them. Walmart is not able to address the needs of its major stakeholders and thus is unable to provide a sustainable working environment to its employees at the workplace. The firm has although working a lot to attract and retain the customers and the investors and thus they both form the most prioritized stakeholders of the firm. But at the same time, the firm needs to show that they care about ethics by treating employees in a justified manner. This will for sure improve the reputation of the firm in the markets and people will have no reasons for complaint and criticize the company. Above all this, Walmart needs to work on its CSR activities to deliver eco- friendly services in the environment and abide by the legitimate standar ds set by the country. References Banjo, S. Trottman, M., 2014. Wal-Mart Accused of Violating Workers' Rights. Wal-Mart Accused of Violating Workers' Rights, 15 January. CNBC News, 2016. WALMART unethical business practices. WALMART unethical business practices. Everblue Training LLC, 2011. Walmart's Business Practices for a Sustainable Workforce. Walmart's Business Practices for a Sustainable Workforce, 01 March. Fairness, W., 2016. The good, the bad and the Walmart. The good, the bad and the Walmart. Gunther, M., 2011. Walmart's CSR Report Shows the Power, and Limits, of Efficiency. Walmart's CSR Report Shows the Power, and Limits, of Efficiency, 25 April. HaloScan Team, 2004. How Does a Business Behave Ethically?. How Does a Business Behave Ethically?, 26 February. Hayden, P., Lee, S., McMahon, K. Pereira, M., 2002. Wal-Mart: Staying on Top of the Fortune 500: A Case Study on Wal-Mart Stores Inc.,Available at: https://mike-pereira.com/subpage/docs/Wal-Mart-CaseStudy.pdf Hooper, M., 2010. A Critical Analysis of Wal-Marts 2010 Corporate Social Responsibility Report: Academia. Jeena, 2012. The Wal-Mart Effect: is it really worth the price?. The Wal-Mart Effect: is it really worth the price?, 09 April. Kirilova, L., 2014. Stakeholder Salience Theory by Mitchell, Agle and Wood. Stakeholder Salience Theory by Mitchell, Agle and Wood, 29 August. Mascarenhas, H., 2013. 4 Huge Reasons Walmart's Still a Horrendous Company to Work For. 4 Huge Reasons Walmart's Still a Horrendous Company to Work For, 30 August. Meyer, P., 2016. Walmarts Stakeholders: Analysis Recommendations. Walmarts Stakeholders: Analysis Recommendations, 29 April. Paswan, R., 2012. Role of Ethics in Modern Business: An Important Key Aspect of the Concern, Available at: https://www.internationalseminar.org/XIII_AIS/TS%201%20(A)/17.%20Mr.%20Ranjit%20Kumar%20Paswan.pdf Pendola, R., 2014. Mistreated Walmart Employees Speak Out Against Company. Mistreated Walmart Employees Speak Out Against Company , 18 March. Sachs, B. Goldsmith, J., 2016. Children Found Sewing Clothing For Wal-Mart, Hanes Other U.S. European Companies. Children Found Sewing Clothing For Wal-Mart, Hanes Other U.S. European Companies. Seattle Pacific University, 2009. Nine Good Reasons to Run a Business in an Ethical Manner. Nine Good Reasons to Run a Business in an Ethical Manner, 01 October. Stavros, K., 2014. Unethical Acts in Wal-Mart Corporation. Unethical Acts in Wal-Mart Corporation, 19 November. Ukessays Team, 2015. Study On Csr And Ethics At Wal Mart Management. Study On Csr And Ethics At Wal Mart Management , 23 March. University Alliance, 2013. Walmart Reports on Global Responsibility Efforts. Walmart Reports on Global Responsibility Efforts, 29 July. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 2016. Powering the future of retail. [Online] Available at: https://corporate.walmart.com/global-responsibility/sustainability/ Walton, R. Scott, L., 2005. Statement of Ethics, Available at: https://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/IROL/11/112761/corpgov/Ethics%20_Current.pdf.

Reliable parents and children Essay Example

Reliable parents and children Paper A dedicated practitioner that offers a reliable service to its users is of utmost importance. Reliability ensures the provider is there at all times expected. If a child and parent expects to see the provider at drop off and pick up times it is essential the provider is there. Children and parents would not have the confidence in the setting if the practitioner were regularly late.  While working with children days can be quite varied for example a field trip may be planned or a concert. Parents may drop in unexpectedly which means the practitioner must be adaptable. Commitment to the setting is a must if a child is to feel secure. The adult/child bond cannot be built if there is a high staff turnover. This would create an unsettling environment for children and parents. A successful practitioner will have personal qualities such as patience, good listening skills, understanding, a caring nature and must be fun. These qualities will ensure children feel valued and included. He/she must enjoy the work that they are doing. Children will want to spend time in the company of a practitioner with these qualities. It is also very important the practitioner feels comfortable whilst acting silly. Children revel in adults crawling around making animal noises or dressing up, being able to play with a child on their own level creates strong bonds between adult and child. It helps make the establishment an exciting stimulating place to be. We will write a custom essay sample on Reliable parents and children specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reliable parents and children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reliable parents and children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The practitioner should provide routines and consistent rules that children can understand and follow. It is important a childcare practitioner can be consistent. A daily routine ensures the child knows where and what they should be doing at present and what will be happening next, helping them feel secure. When dealing with behaviour you must be consistent a child would feel they were treat unfairly if one day they were allowed to jump off the slide and then the following day they reprimanded for the same thing. Also it is important to be consistent with the rules for every child regardless of race, religion or gender. To summarise I believe the three most important qualities an early years practitioner should have are:  Organised An organised establishment is a safe establishment. Without good organisation the provision could prove dangerous to its users. For example not enough staff working one day to care for children. Play equipment not maintained could be fatal to a small child.  Reliable parents and children depend on this person and need to know he/she will be there providing the service expected.  Job satisfaction if the practitioner is unhappy in their work it will reflect badly on the service they provide. Children would pick up on the carers negative feelings and the practitioner would be unable to create a happy secure setting. A person who enjoys their work will communicate better with parents and children on all levels and build more positive relationships. I believe childcare establishments are improving dramatically. In recent years the ownership of providing learning and not just childcare has taken place. Many more staff are trained and I believe funding should be available for all early years staff to gain formal qualifications. Early years staff would then be in a position to offer parents informative advice and help answer the many questions asked by parents.

Key Facts About the War on Drugs

Key Facts About the War on Drugs What Is the War on Drugs? The War on Drugs is a general term used to refer to the federal governments attempts to end the import, manufacture, sale, and use of illegal drugs. Its a colloquial term that does not refer in any meaningful way to a specific policy or objective, but rather to a series of anti-drug initiatives that are vaguely directed towards the common goal of ending drug abuse. Origin of the Phrase War on Drugs President Dwight D. Eisenhower began what The New York Times then called a new war on narcotic addiction at the local, national, and international level with the establishment of an Interdepartmental Committee on Narcotics on November 27, 1954, which was responsible for coordinating executive branch anti-drug efforts. The phrase War on Drugs first came into common use after President Richard Nixon used it at a press conference on June 17, 1971, during which he described illegal drugs as public enemy number one in the United States. Chronology of Federal Anti-drug Policy 1914: The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act regulates the distribution of narcotics (heroin and other opiates). Federal law enforcement will later incorrectly classify cocaine, a central nervous system stimulant, as a narcotic and regulate it under the same legislation.​1937: The Marijuana Tax Act extends federal restrictions to cover marijuana.1954: The Eisenhower administration takes a significant, albeit largely symbolic, step in establishing a U.S. Interdepartmental Committee on Narcotics.1970: The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 establishes federal anti-drug policy as we know it. Human Cost of the War on Drugs According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 55% of federal prisoners and 21% of state-level prisoners are incarcerated on the basis of drug-related offenses. This means that over a half million people are presently incarcerated as a result of anti-drug laws- more than the population of Wyoming. The illegal drug trade also sustains gang activity, and is indirectly responsible for an unknown number of homicides. (The FBIs Uniform Crime Reports describe 4% of homicides as being directly attributable to the illegal drug trade, but it plays an indirect role in a much larger percentage of homicides.) Monetary Cost of the War on Drugs According to the White Houses National Drug Control Strategy Budgets, as cited in Action Americas Drug War Cost Clock, the federal government alone is projected to spend over $22 billion on the War on Drugs in 2009. State spending totals are harder to isolate, but Action America cites a 1998 Columbia University study which found that states spent over $30 billion on drug law enforcement during that year. Constitutionality of the War on Drugs The federal governments authority to prosecute drug-related offenses theoretically stems from Article Is Commerce Clause, which grants Congress the authority to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes- but federal law enforcement targets drug offenders even when the illegal substance is manufactured and distributed only within state lines. Public Opinion Regarding the War on Drugs According to an October 2008 Zogby poll of likely voters, 76% describe the War on Drugs as a failure. In 2009, the Obama administration announced that it would no longer use the phrase War on Drugs to refer to federal anti-drug efforts, the first administration in 40 years not to do so.

Identify and critically review some key debates related to Essay

Identify and critically review some key debates related to inequalities and health - Essay Example lities in health between the most and least socially advantaged populations in the UK have been reported in every major report on public health (Black et al. 1980). Presence of huge health inequalities not only within but also between countries is the convincing evidence that socio-economic status seriously influences public health. Thus, life expectancy at birth in wealthier Japan is more than 80 years while in incomparably poorer Sierra Leone it is only 34 years – a difference which is shocking to say the least (Marmot 2005). However, growing inequalities in health in the UK and other developed and developing countries, coupled with the increasing disparities in wealth and income, have forced many researchers to rethink the traditional narrow approach to exploring the contributors to such situation. Social and economic circumstances have been associated though not as heavily as these days, with health inequalities for many decades. Socio-economic status strongly influences people’s physical and mental health, their use of health care, and mortality rates. Many recently published works on socio-economic determinants of health inequalities clearly demonstrate that these exist in the UK and elsewhere in the world, even in the richest societies (Krieger et al. 1997). However, none of the existing definitions or even groups of definitions comprehensively reflects the essence of the highly complex and multilateral concept which is health. Probably the most common and widely adopted definition of health is the one suggested by the World Health Organization: â€Å"health is positive concept that emphasises social and personal resources, as well as physical capabilities. It involves the capacity of individuals – and their perceptions of their ability – to function and to cope with their social and physical environment, as well as with specific illnesses and with life in general† (WHO, 1984). Evidently, this definition seeks to emphasize the complexity and

The literature of exile and imaginary homelands in salman rushdie, Essay

The literature of exile and imaginary homelands in salman rushdie, bharati mukherjee, and v. s. naipaul - Essay Example The exile is not (he cannot be, he cannot exist) -- at least in the common Western conception of being -- but is rather the sum of competing and contradictory forces that play out over the surface of the exiles being, without ever constituting a rigid and single edifice. If the exile can be said to have a "being" at all, then, it can only be understood to be one that is based on the formation of certain circumstances, of history, of discourse, of culture--what Walter Benjamin might have called a "constellation."1 However, these very structures--history, discourse, culture--can no longer be considered looming edifices of constitutive control and hegemonic power, after the experience of the exile as portrayed in these novels they lose some of their force. For the strange logic of the exile invades these structrues too, works within them too, and they (the structures), like the exile, cannot be considered single, unitary, or stable. The exile steals from them their authority by the power of his or her interruption. The exile too follow this logic and the structure which both pervades the exiled individual, and which gives him or her the power for resistance. In the preceding analyses of the writings of Salman Rushdie, Bharati Mukherjee, and V. S. Naipaul, I have attempted to chart the trajectory of the logic of the exile as it passes through their writing. I have tried to put into the words (however problematically) the flow of constitution and dissolution that occurs on the boundary of both language and self, and which is what forms the particular literary power of these writers, and determines their placement as writers of the post-colonial situation. Now, in this conclusion, I would like to situate these various writers back into a dialogue with both the theory and practice of post-colonial scholarship, and attempt to see precisely how the various movements within and between the six texts that I have concentrated upon play themselves out against the wider background of the post-colonial situation. Perhaps more importantly, I wish to cement the argument I speculatively began in the preceding chapters that these three writers, though extremely different in matters of style, material, and/or execution, all present a seriously radical answer to the malaise that the post-colonial situation presents. They are certainly not, as some critics have presented them, writers who have benefited from the comforts of exile, and have been accepted into the mainstream of their chosen land (for Naipaul, England; for Mukherjee, the United States; for Rushdie, England and the United States ) unproblematically. None of them are conservative, nor are they apolitical. However, they do come to the notion of a post-colonial politics with a new mode of functioning and from a new place of departure. Their politics is not of the old kind, but of a markedly new and total aspect: the target of their revolutionary destruction cannot be put in such simple terms as party, nation or racial groups. Let us consider the various kinds of exile that make up the cast of characters within Midnight's Children, The Satanic Verses, Jasmine, The Holder of the World, The Mimic Men, and The Enigma of Arrival. In all cases these novels concentrate on the personal nature of the central character's exile. In

The Effects Of Poverty On Education Education Essay

The Effects Of Poverty On Education Education Essay In the United States of America, there is great emphasis placed on equal rights for all. Further, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares Education to be a human right (Dhillon, 2011). Yet, in this great country, the poor still do not receive an equal education, an education that could raise kids out of poverty (Dhillon, 2011). Instead, impoverished children are often brought down by a classist system. The role of poverty in the U.S. Poverty is the strongest indicator of a child going to prison (Anders, 2011). Three times the amount of money goes in the prison system than in the schools (Anders, 2011). State governments benefit when people provide for their families with illegal labor rather than turning to welfare, plus the benefit of free labor from prisons (Anders, 2011). Social mobility through education is for the most part a myth; it only holds true in only some communities (Anders, 2011). One would think that the more compassionate and preventative method of providing a quality education would be the more preferable route. Compared to other industrialized countries, the United States of America is quite negligent of its poor. From 1999-2009, the child poverty rate has increased 19.6% (Armstrong, 2009). Every day, 2,500 children are born into poverty in the United States, giving the country one of the highest rates of poverty among industrialized countries (Anders, 2011). The U.S. also allocates fewer resources to social welfare programs, such as public employment services and modest support guaranteed for all children (child allowance, child care, and paid parental leave) than other Western countries, despite the high value placed on being able to work ones way out of poverty (Anders, 2011). Policy makers mistake work with self sufficiency, and feel that work is all that is needed to be able to live off of welfare programs (Anders, 2011). It is impossible to become independent of welfare at minimum wage, which is well below living wage; two full time, minimum wage workers cannot afford the average cost of a one bedroom apartment, and when food, transportation, and health care is added to the needs of the impoverished the debt becomes too much (Anders, 2011). Oftentimes, basic needs such as health care and a good diet are sacrificed by the poor because they cannot get assistance. Poverty and neurobiology. Food is essential to life. A full stomach and a clear mind are essential for learning (Armstrong, 2009). With the increase in child poverty, there has also been an alarming increase in food challenged children (Armstrong, 2009). Malnutrition can lead to vitamin deficiencies, particularly in B vitamins and iron, and in the long term can lead to neurological effects (Armstrong, 2009). Other maladies with possible neurological effects that are more common to low-income children include lead poisoning and asthma (Armstrong, 2009). In general, the brains of impoverished children develop differently (Armstrong, 2009). Many functions of the brain, such as language development and executive functioning (e.g. the ability to plan, remember details, and pay attention) develop much more slowly in low income children compared to their wealthier peers (Armstrong, 2009). By the age of nine or ten, the differences in the brain scans of poor kids, compared to wealthier kids, are almost equivalent to the damage of a stroke (Armstrong, 2009). Poverty effects the childs achievement when he or she is assessed in their first year of school and continues to affect children once they leave poverty; the effects of poverty may be lasting (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Because the background of poverty affects the neurobiology of children, it raises the question of whether anything can be done to help these children. The role of the school. The schools do occasionally try to do something to help impoverished children. Schools sometimes have early, intensive, sustained, intervention programs that also provide good nutrition and health care (Armstrong, 2009). However, with the growth in the child poverty rate, the education system struggles to provide the programs low-income children need to succeed (Armstrong, 2009). These programs are often cut when the economy is down (Armstrong, 2009). Poor schools, such as those in rural areas, have low per-pupil expenditures (Fusarelli Militello, 2012). So, many schools do not have it in their budget to pay for such extensive programs for such a large proportion of their students in the first place. Poor schools also cannot afford good teachers. The students with the most need often have the least experienced teachers (Armstrong, 2009). Schools with high rates of minority students, impoverished students, and English language learners are more likely to hire beginning teachers (Armstrong, 2009). These teachers then move to more affluent schools as they gain experience because the schools dont have the money to retain them (Armstrong, 2009; Fusarelli Militello, 2012). These students are 77% more likely to get out of field teachers (Armstrong, 2009). These schools need to offer incentives such as targeted salary increases, bonuses, housing incentives, tuition assistance, and tax credits (Armstrong, 2009). They also hire non-traditional teaching candidates, such as retired military professionals and high-achieving college students (Armstrong, 2009). Poor schools also have less difficult curricula, higher student to teacher ratios, and receive less funding (Armstrong, 2009). Thus, n ot only are schools lacking in the extra programs that impoverished kids need to catch up with wealthier peers, but they are also hiring less qualified people to teach low-income children, giving children with a low socioeconomic status an unequal education. The role of the parent. If schools cannot make up for the difference in achievement between the poor and the rich, then perhaps the parents can. This assumption is one many policy makers and teachers have (Bower Griffin, 2011). Lack of parental involvement is associated with low student achievement and engagement (Bower Griffin, 2011). Parental involvement seems to be at the root of the achievement gap (Bower Griffin, 2011). Parental involvement is especially low for students of color and low-income households (Bower Griffin, 2011). Schools define parental involvement as volunteering in the school, communicating with teachers, assisting with homework, and attending school events and conferences (Bower Griffin, 2011). Correlational studies show that parental involvement leads to increased social competence and social networks, which leads to resources such as tutoring, enrichment opportunities, and curriculum extensions (Bower Griffin, 2011). By the traditional, white, middle-clas s definition of parental involvement, schools benefit by gaining resources. However, parenting in poverty is exceptionally difficult (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Work schedules, difficulties with transportation, and difficulties with childcare prevent parents from coming to school events and conferences (Bower Griffin, 2011). Informal conversations and unscheduled meetings often work better for parents of low SES, but this is often see as obtrusive (Bower Griffin, 2011). Schools are warned against defining specific behaviors as parental involvement because it can disenfranchise families and make them feel like their efforts are going unrecognized (Bower Griffin, 2011). Low income families are ostracized by white middle class families who see their lack of traditional involvement as a lack of caring about their kids (Bower Griffin, 2011). Not all parents have the time and money the schools definition of parental involvement requires (Bower Griffin, 2011). Parents of poor and minority students, on the other hand, see the schools role as providing academic edu cation and their role as providing moral education; they define parental involvement as providing nurturance, instilling moral and cultural values, and talking with their children (Bower Griffin, 2011). Just because parents are not involved by the white, middle-class definition, does not mean they are not involved in their childrens lives. It is not necessarily the schools definition of parental involvement that determines the success of a child. A study by Kiernan and Mensah (2011) tested the effects of parenting, resources, and poverty on the achievement levels of children in elementary school in a longitudinal study. A parenting index was created using aspects that can help a child thrive despite the disadvantages of poverty: cognitive stimulation, promotion of play and learning, security and warmth in relationships, sensitivity towards the child, physical nurturance, boundaries and standards of behavior, and positive discipline (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). The top third scored 70% in good levels of achievement, the middle scored 51%, and the bottom scored 31% (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Children were ranked from least number of risk factors to impede achievement to most and then put into quintiles; the first had 69% good achievement, the second had 64% good achievement, the third had 53% good achievement, the fourth had 4 2% good achievement, and the fifth, with the highest number of indicators, had 24% good achievement (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Risk factors include income, mothers education, employment, housing, quality of the neighborhood, mothers age at birth, family structure, the number of children in the household, birth order, ethnic origin, and language spoken in the home (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). When tested for poverty, 60% of children who had not lived in poverty reached good levels of achievement compared to 40% in episodic poverty and 26% in persistent poverty (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Kiernan and Mensah (2011) looked for interactions, and found that 44% of children who did not experience poverty had high parenting scores, compared to 11% of children in persistent poverty who had high parenting scores. Meanwhile, 66% of children in persistent poverty had low parenting scores (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Similarly, 60% of children with the highest levels of family resources had high parenting sco res, while only 9% or children with low family resources had high parenting scores. Further, 69% of children with the lowest family resources had low parenting scores (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Achievement scores for those in the lowest level of poverty with the lowest level of parenting were 19%, while it was 58% for the highest level of parenting (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). For those who had not experienced poverty and had high levels of parenting, their achievement levels were 73% (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Poverty has about a 50% effect on achievement and parenting has a 40% effect on parenting within the study (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Kiernan and Mensah show that although that poverty negatively affects a child, positive parenting practices can help counteract the effects of poverty. The role of the educator. Oftentimes, parents become an excuse not to teach impoverished children. Educators and policy makers absolve themselves of improving the problem with a blame-the-victim mentality by believing all parents of low income kids are lazy, addicted to substances, and dont care about their kids, and especially not their education (Armstrong, 2009). Teachers believe that parents will not become involved in the classroom, even though they refuse to try new methods (Bower Griffin, 2011). Often, the curriculum is not targeted to the children, even though children are most responsive to relevant materials and high stakes testing only exacerbates the problem (Anders, 2011). Instead of finding alternative methods to teach, schools see the child as deficit (Anders, 2011). There are definitely practices out there if teachers would only look. Teachers often do not relate to their students. Teachers primarily consist of white middle class women (Anders, 2011; Armstrong, 2009). Differences between middle and lower class include hidden social rules and communication, interactions, and expectations (Armstrong, 2009). There is a difference in symptoms of generational and situational poverty (Armstrong, 2009). Behaviors and the mindset related to poverty often affect learning (Armstrong, 2009). Identifying the students resources and strengths is proven to increase effectiveness of teaching (Armstrong, 2009). The best practice for educators working with impoverished students is that they should educate themselves on the effects of class and poverty and design curriculum relevant to poor students, drawing on the experiences and intelligences of the students (Armstrong, 2009). Teacher education programs tend to leave out critical conversations about how educators and education research relies primarily on white middle class educat ion (Anders, 2011). So, teachers tend to feel uncomfortable with their minority students (Anders, 2011). Finally, educators should be aware of their own biases and how they affect their interactions and expectations of students (Armstrong, 2009). This is good educational practice, but sadly it is not necessarily common educational practice. The standards of education are set to the white middle-class. Public schools want children to live by the behavioral standards set by the white middle class, including self regulation, memorization, social flexibility, compliance, and respect to authority (Anders, 2011). However, as stated above, children in poverty behave differently. Teachers know each pupil less on an individual basis and rely more on stereotypes (Anders, 2011). Knowing an individual child makes a behavior seem less disruptive and disrespectful and reveals the behavior as understandable and manageable (Anders, 2011) Based on differences, such as behavior, between the poor and the rich, students are academically sorted by socioeconomic status rather than ability based on stereotypes (Armstrong, 2009). However, merely educating oneself on the differences between students could help prevent this. Differences in behavioral standards between social classes lead to low income students being disciplined more in school. Zero tolerance policies, though they do not increase school wide academic achievement scores and in some cases lower them, contributes to school push out and school leaving (Anders, 2011). Students who jeopardize the schools achievement scores on top of having a disciplinary record are more likely to get pushed into the resource room or out of school altogether (Anders, 2011). No Child Left Behind leaves teachers with less time to focus on students because they have to focus more on curriculum and tests (Anders, 2011). In low-track classrooms, teachers rely on authoritarian compliance and give fewer opportunities for active learning (Anders, 2011). These teachers are compared to correctional officers when remembered by prisoners (Anders, 2011). Routines, compliance demands, condemnation, and targeting trained students for academic failure and dropping out (Anders, 2011). It raises the question as to whether or not the educational system, and society at large, wants kids to fail in life. The role of high-stakes tests. The educational system continuously places poor students on a lower track, and potentially forces them out of school, in order to protect their standing on high-stakes tests. Standardized tests test knowledge and skill sets that are more likely to be present in children of upper classes, yet these tests have become more important (Armstrong, 2009). A more prominent example is that the SAT has a persistent, but unintended, statistical bias in the verbal section that negatively affects African American students (Armstrong, 2009). The test has been recreated many times and it cannot relieve itself of bias, and the racial and class biases are very strong (Armstrong, 2009). Some postsecondary institutions base a large portion of their entry on the SAT without any other standardized test (Armstrong, 2009). This could impede impoverished students from getting into those institutions (Armstrong, 2009). Campbells Law, created in 1975, says that if a quantitative social indicator is used in decision making, the more subject it is to pressure and the more likely it will be to distort and corrupt what it was intended to monitor (Dutro Selland, 2012). Since No Child Left Behind, Campbells Law has lead to narrowing curriculum, reorganizing classroom time for tested subjects, reallocating funds for tested subjects (math and English) and students near the cut score, and to persuade teachers to teach in ineffective ways (Dutro Selland, 2012). High stakes testing only shows part of what a child knows. Too much focus on high stakes testing leads to cheating the system, a loss in quality of education, and increased dropout rates (Dutro Selland, 2012). Teachers must focus more on math and English and less on other subjects (Dutro Selland, 2012). They must drill students, especially poor students, on content and form (Dutro Selland, 2012). The form of the test though can often undermine important aspects of content students should know; for exampl e, the writing assessment over simplifies genre and the purpose and process of writing (Dutro Selland, 2012). High stakes tests certainly have their downfalls. Standardized testing is not all bad. Since No Child Left Behind, Schools must be held accountable for the education of their students; they must show this through adequate yearly progress (Booher-Jeening U.S. Department of Education, 2011). All students must be tested (Booher-Jennings U.S Department of Education, 2011). Unfortunately, in many schools there is no extensive help unless a child is in special education in many schools, which may explain why many poor students are pushed down to special education (Booher-Jennings U.S Department of Education, 2011). Further, Response to Intervention, a program that gives struggling children the extra help they need, rather than waiting for them to fail, is starting to be implemented across the nation (Fuchs, Litty, Hatch, 2011). Perhaps, things will change with the implementation of Response to Intervention. An important aspect is how high-stakes tests make children feel about themselves. High stakes tests place children in binary power relations of proficient or non-proficient (Dutro Selland, 2012). Non-proficient children can be locked into a pattern of powerlessness; once a person ascribes to a role or a competence, it is hard to see it another way (Dutro Selland, 2012). A third of the 4th graders knew where they were on the assessment, but didnt know why (Dutro Selland, 2012). They were certain about their reading competence, either for positive or negative (Dutro Selland, 2012). Dutro and Selland (2012) describe one child who despite having recently had a major success in reading, felt like she was a poor reader due to achievement tests. Students should not have to feel belittled by standardized tests, especially when they do work hard to make progress. Conclusion Children should not be put in the middle of a power struggle between the lower and upper classes. Three times the amount of money goes into the prisons than in schools, even though a proper education could easily reduce the amount of criminals because people wouldnt have to turn to crime to make money (Anders, 2011). Unlike in other industrialized countries, the United States does not give low income children the social welfare programs needed to the extent to equalize the opportunities to achieve. Families are left to struggle on their own to come up with resources such as housing, food, and health care. Many children of low income families academically develop at much slower rates due to lack of proper nutrition. Families also have a difficult time with housing and this provides discontinuity with curriculum and routines. Despite these difficulties, schools expect parents to make up for extensive schooling that they do not offer; poor schools have less money, less educational resou rces, and less qualified teachers than other schools. Parents do not have the time or money, and often times the education, to be extra involved and believe that it is the schools job to educate their children. Parents believe their job is to be the moral support for their child and the schools job is to be the academic support. A study by Kiernan and Mensah (2011) supports the parents belief that positive parenting can help a child to succeed, despite poverty. Unfortunately, the schools solution to offering extensive help to impoverished students is too often to push them to a lower track in school or forcing them out of school all together. Educators are primarily white, middle class women who do not relate to their students. If they did research on poverty, they could help prevent this all together. That way, students would not be discouraged and would not feel like failures for the rest of their lives. An increase in putting students in special education and forcing them to leav e school has increased due to high-stakes tests. While high stakes tests hold schools, teachers, and students more accountable, they also have lead to schools cheating the program and this is one really unfortunate result. Standardized tests tend to favor the white middle-class, meaning that poor students are at a disadvantage. Children who do poorly on the tests feel bad about themselves, even if they are making strides in the classroom. Even when they are not told how they did, they have a feeling how well they did on the test and are fairly accurate. It is important to keep in mind that poor children can succeed despite their disadvantages and more importantly despite all stereotypes. The poor in America are receiving unequal education thanks to stereotypes, funding, and high-stakes tests. While it is true that low income children may be disadvantaged from environmental stressors and are more likely to be delayed as a result of their environment and poor nutrition, with extensive programs and better nutrition more achievement can be gained. Equal education for the poor, and prevention of crime through better education, is attainable.

Aztec Food and Agriculture Informative Speech Essay

Informative Speech Outline I. Introduction of cultural component: How does it reflect the culture as a whole? Food is considered to be an important part of Aztec society since the Aztecs had no type of currency for their economy. According to allabouthistory.org, the Aztecs had a barter system, basically a trading system where they used foods, primarily cacao beans to trade one another for items such as clothing, eggs, and etc. for daily use. The amount of beans traded would vary from item to item depending on its value. Central Idea: How food influences the culture. Preview Main Points: 1. Diet 2. Agriculture 3. Influence on foods today Transition to Body: II.Body Main Point #1 The Aztecs only ate two meals a day, unlike people today. Since the ancient Aztecs had no access to livestock such as cows and pigs, which were later introduced to them by the Spanish, their main diet consisted of vegetables and fruits such as corn, squash, beans, tomatoes, avocados, and etc. Though they did have domesticated turkeys, ducks, and dogs for food, they only played a minor contribution to the diet. According to foodtimeline.org, the Aztecs also hunted and ate fish, insects, iguanas, and deer but these sources were also very limited like the turkeys and dogs. The Aztecs’ number one staple food was corn, specifically a type of corn called maize. It came in various shapes, sizes and colors and was eaten by  all classes of the Aztec people. Maize is so important to Aztec society that it played a large part in their mythology and religion and was considered as precious as their flesh and bones. It is like the rice in Asia and the wheat in Europe. A meal would not be called a meal unless they had corn in it. There are various ways to eat corn such as corn tortillas, tamales, corn soup also called pozole, and many other ways. One particular method of preparing maize is called nixtamalization where a salty flavor and aroma is added to maize. Apart from maize, other staple foods would be beans and squash. To help add flavor into the food, they would be mixed with tomatoes, fruits, and spices such as chilies and herbs. That way, the food would be nutritionally satisfying and there will be no need for animal protein. The Aztecs also had a very special drink made from cacao, you could say that the origin of chocolate came from the Aztecs. This chocolate drink was spicy unlike the hot chocolate we have today and was intended only for the warriors and nobles of the empire. Main Point #2 Because the lands that the Aztecs lived in were not suitable and fertile enough for farming, they had to invent new methods and use them to increase productivity of foods and crops. That led to a very special way of farming. The Aztecs invented and built Chinampas also called raised fields, which were floating agricultural gardens where they produced their crops. These Chinampas used to be swamps that were turned into highly productive fields for farming. Building Chinampas was a lot more complex than growing their crops because it uses many advanced techniques and methods never seen before during the pre-contact New World period. Other than the Chinampas, they also built irrigation systems for fields of land where water or rainfall could not reach and used fertilizers on fields that didn’t have enough nutrients. According to foodtimeline.org , a Chinampa is built by first finding a swamp/lake near a town or city. Then ditches are dug through the marshes and swamps to drain excess water from the soon to be Chinampas, these ditches will also become the canals where the Aztecs will be traveling through to get from Chinampa to Chinampa. After that, the mud and muck from the ditches and vegetation will be placed on mats, which were made from weeds and straw between the ditches where they will become long artificial islands for farming purposes. The Aztecs would then drive wooden stakes/fences down into the lake to hold the field together. Then trees would be planted in the corners of the island to help stabilize the Chinampa. Once that is done, the Chinampa will be ready to be used for farming corn, squash, beans, etc. The muck and vegetation would act as fertilizer for the crops while the mats would be piled high enough to prevent the roots of the crops from being waterlogged. Fertility is easily maintained by periodically adding more muck and fertilizer to the fields. Since these floating gardens were very productive, they always led to a surplus of crops that would be stored and used during hard times. Main Point #3: Influence on foods today The foods that the Aztecs grew and ate are still used in traditional Mexican food today. Maize, the key ingredient of ancient Aztec food also became the most important ingredient to Mexican food. Other food ingredients in the Mexican diet today would also include beans, squash, chilies and tomatoes that the Aztecs also ate. The Aztec tacos for example, were filled with acocil, a type of crayfish but now, the tacos we have are filled with beef instead. Nixtamalization, is another influence that came from the Aztecs that is still used today. According to threestonehearth.com, what nixtamalization does is that it cooks and steeps dried corn kernels in an alkaline solution then they are cooked until tender. That way, it can be mashed and be made into a dough-like substance where it can be made into tortilla, tortilla chips, tamales, and many other items. Aztec food culture also expanded into many other countries because cacao beans which were the main ingredient of chocolate were brought over to Europe thanks to the Spanish quickly became a delicacy everywhere. III.Conclusion Review Main Points: Overall, the Aztec diet consisted of mainly corn. Without corn, the meal  wouldn’t be considered as a meal. Agriculture techniques was recreated with the invention of the Chinampa. With the newly invented Chinampa, Aztecs were able to dramatically increase the amount of crops they could grow unlike how they were struggling with growing crops on the unfertile lands. The Aztec food culture had inspired many countries today. Look at how chocolate, once a hot and spicy drink, was made into a global phenomenon.

Women Rights in Islam – Modernizing or Outdated?

Women Rights in Islam – Modernizing or Outdated? Definition According to the Oxford dictionary, ‘Women’s Rights are the rights that promote a position of social and legal equality, of women to men. According to the Oxford dictionary, ‘they are the rights, claimed for the women, equal to those of men, as regards to suffrage that right to vote, as regards to property, etc. ‘Modernizing according to the Oxford dictionary means, ‘to make modern, to adapt to modern needs or habits And according to the Webster’s dictionary it means ‘to make modern, or to give a new character or appearance – e. . , to modernize ones ideas In short, modernizing is a process of updating or opting for the betterment of the present status itself – It is not the present modern status itself. Can we modernize ourselves, to master our problems, and to realize a new way of life, for the whole human race? I am not concerned about the modern ideas, the conclusions and the categorical statements made by scientists and inexperienced armchair experts, as how a life should be lived by a woman. I am going to base my conclusions and considerations on truth, which can be proved by experience. Experience and unbiased factual holistic analysis, are the sure test, between the gold of truth, and the glitter of theory. We have to check our thinking against reality, otherwise many a times, our mental process will go astray – Indeed the great brains of one time, believed that the world was flat. Women Rights in the West If we agree with the ‘Women’s rights in Islam as portrayed by the Western media, you have no option, but to agree that the ‘Women’s rights in Islam are outdated. The Western talk of women’s liberation is actually a disguised form of exploitation of her body, deprivation of her honor and degradation of her soul. The Western society which speaks of upgrading the status of women in Islam, have actually reduced her status to concubines, to mistresses, to society butterflies, which are mere tools in the hands of sex marketers and pleasure seekers, which are disguised behind the colorful screen of art and culture. Women Rights in Islam Islam’s radical revolutionary support, gave women their due right and status n the days of ignorance 1,400 years ago. Islam’s objective was and continues to be, to modernize our thinking, our living, our seeing, our hearing, our feeling and striving for the women’s upliftment and emancipation in the society. Before I dwell further with the topic, I would like you to make note of a few points. †¢Approximately one fifth of the world’s population consists of Muslims. There are dif ferent Muslim societies – Some may be close to Islam, some may be far away from Islam. The ‘Women’s rights in Islam should judge according to the authentic sources, and not what individual Muslims do, or what the Muslim society does. †¢The authentic sources of Islam are the Qur’an, which is the word of God, and the authentic Sunnah, and the traditions of our beloved Prophet (peace be upon him). †¢Qur’an will never contradict itself, nor will the authentic Hadith contradict itself neither will these two authentic sources, contradict each other. †¢Sometimes the scholars differ, and many a times, these differences can be removed by analyzing the Qur’an as a whole, and not just by quoting one particular Verse. Because if one particular verse of the Qur’an is ambiguous many a times the answer is given somewhere else in the Qur’an – Some people quote one source and neglect all the other sources. †¢It is the duty of every Muslim, male or female, to seek the pleasure of God, and to act as His trustee on this world, and not to try and gain fame or satisfy one’s own ego. Islam believes in equality of men and women Equality does not mean ‘identicality In Islam, the role of a man and woman is complimentary, it is not conflicting. It is that of a partnership, it is not contradictory, so as to strive for supremacy. Where ‘Women’s rights in Islam is concerned, I have divided it into 6 broad categories. Six Categories of Women Rights in Islam The first are ‘the Spiritual rights second are ‘the Economical rights third are ‘the Social rights fourth are ‘the Educational rights fifth are ‘the Legal rights and last are ‘the Political rights. Sex is Not the Criteria to Enter Paradise: The greatest misconception that the West has about Islam, is that they think ‘Paradise in Islam, is only meant for the male – it is not meant for the female This misconception can be removed by quoting from Surah Nisa, Ch. No. , Verse No 124, which says, ‘If any of you do deeds of righteousness, whether it be male or a female and has faith, they shall surely enter Paradise and not the least injustice shall be done to them. A similar thing is repeated in Surah Nahl, Ch. 16, Verse No. 97 which says ‘If any of you perform good deeds, be it a man or a w oman and is a believer, We shall give you good life and We should reward you for all your good works. Just because in Islam, sex is not the criteria to enter Paradise, will you call such rights in Islam as modernizing or outdated? A. Spiritual Rights of Women in Islam Another misconception is that, which the Western media has, that, ‘The woman has no soul. In fact, it was in the seventeenth century, when the Council of wise men, when they gathered at Rome, and they unanimously agreed that the woman had no soul. In Islam, man and woman have the same spiritual nature. It is mentioned in Quran, Ch. 4, Verse No. 1, which says that, ‘O humankind reverence your Guardian Lord, who has created you from a single person and created like nature his mate. A similar thing is mentioned in Surah Nahl, Ch. 16, Verse No. 72, which says that, ‘We have made for you companions and mates of your own nature. In Surah Al-Shura, Ch. 42, Verse No. 11, it says, ‘He is the one who has created the heavens and the earth and has made for you pairs from among yourselves. Just because the spiritual nature of a man and woman is the same in Islam, will you call such rights in Islam, as modernizing or outdated? The Qur’an clearly mentions that, ‘God has breathed somewhat of His spirit into the human beings. If you read Surah Hijr, Ch. 15, Verse No. 29, it says, ‘When I have fashioned you in due proportion and have breathed into you something of my spirit, fall you down in obeisance. A similar thing is repeated in the Qur’an, in Surah Sajdah, Ch. 2, Verse No. 9, which says, ‘Then He fashioned him and breathed into him of His Spirit†¦ Here, when God refers to as ‘Something of My Spirit, is breathed into the human beings? E- it does not mean, a sort of incarnation or a pantheistic form. It means that Allah has given to every human being something of His s piritual Nature, and the Knowledge of God Almighty, and coming closer towards Him. Here it refers to both Adam and Eve (may peace be upon them) – Both were breathed something of God's Spirit. Again we read in the Qur’an, that Allah has appointed the human being as His vicegerent, s His trustee, as is mentioned in Surah Isra, Ch. 17, Verse No. 70, which says, ‘We have honoured the children of Adam and bestowed on them special favours? E Note, here all the children of Adam have been honoured, male as well as female. There are some Religious scriptures, for example the Bible, which puts the blame on Eve for the downfall of humanity. In fact if you read the Qur’an in Surah Araf, Ch. 7, Verse No. 19 to 27, Adam and Eve (may peace be upon them both) are addressed, more than a dozen of times. Both disobeyed God, both asked for forgiveness, both repented, and both were forgiven. In the Bible, if you read Genesis, Ch. 3, only Eve is held responsible (May peace be upon her) for the downfall of humanity. And according to the doctrine of ‘Original Sin? E because of Eve (may peace be upon her) the whole of humanity is born in sin. Does Pregnancy Uplift the Women or Degrade? If you read the Bible in Genesis, Ch. 3, Verse No. 16, it says that, ‘To the woman He (God) said, â€Å"I will greatly multiply your pain in childbearing; in pain you shall bring forth children, yet your desire shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you. ‘ That means, pregnancy and child birth has been said in the Bible to degrade the women and the labor pain is a sort of punishment. In fact if you read the Qur’an, pregnancy and child birth have uplifted the women. If you read Surah Nisa, Ch. 4, Verse No. 1, it says, ‘Respect the womb that bore you Its mentioned in Surah Luqman, Ch. 31, Verse No. 14, it says, ‘We have enjoined on the human being to be kind to the parents, in travail upon travail did their mother bore them and in years twain was their weaning. A similar thing is mentioned in Surah Ahqaf, Ch. 46, Verse No. 5, it again repeats, which says, ‘We have enjoined on the human beings to be kind to his parents. To be kind to the parents – in pain did their mother bore them, and in pain did she give them birth – Pregnancy in the Qur’an has uplifted the women not degraded her. Just because pregnancy has uplifted the women in Islam will you call such rights in Islam as modernizing or outdated? Criteria in the Sight of God to Judge Male and Female: The only criteria for judgment in the sight of Allah is ‘Taqwa ‘God consciousness or ‘righteousness It is mentioned in Surah Hujurat, Ch. 49, Verse No. 3 ‘O humankind, We have created you from a single pair of male and female and have divided you into nations and tribes, so that you shall recognize each other not that you desp ise each other and the most honored in the sight of God, is the one who is the most righteous. Sex, color, caste, wealth has got no criteria in Islam – The only criteria in the sight of God is ‘righteousness neither is sex the criteria for God to reward or to punish a person. If you read Surah Imran Ch. 3 Verse No. 195 it says ‘I will never suffer the loss of any of you, be it male or female, you are companions unto each other. Equal Moral Duties for Men and Women: I had started my talk by quoting a verse from the Qur’an from Surah Al Ahzab, Ch. 33, Verse No. 35, which says, ‘For Muslim men and Muslim women, for believing men and women, for devout men and women, for true men and women, for men and women who are patient and constant, for men and women who give in charity, for men and women who fast and deny themselves, for men and women who guard their chastity, for men and women who engage much in God's praise, God has prepared for them forgiveness and a vast reward. This verse indicates that the spiritual duties, the moral duties, for the men and women in Islam are the same – Both have to believe, both have to pray, both have to fast, both have to give in charity, etc, etc. But the women has been given certain concession in Islam. If she is undergoing her menstrual period or pregnancy, she does not have to fast – She can keep those fasts later on, when she is more healthy. During the menstrual period and during the postnatal period, she needs not pray also – she has been given the concession, and neither does she have to compensate it later on. Just because the moral duties of the men and women are equal in Islam will you call such rights in Islam as modernizing or outdated? B. Economical Rights to the Women Islam gave economical rights to the women 1,300 years before the West. An adult Muslim woman can own, she can dispose or disown any of her property without consulting any one, irrespective whether she is married or she is single. In 1870, it was the first time in England, that the West recognized the rights of the married woman, where she was allowed to own or dispose any of her property without consultation. I do agree that the women were given their economical rights 1300 years ago – these are ancient rights – but the question is ? E‘are they modernizing or outdated Enbsp; Women on Job: A women in Islam, if she wishes to work she can work – There is no text in the Qur’an or the authentic Hadith which prevents or makes it prohibited for a woman to do any work, as long as it is not unlawful, as long as it is within the preview of the Islamic Shariah, as long as she maintains her Islamic dress code. But natural, she cannot take up jobs, which exhibit her beauty and body – Like for example, modeling and film acting, and such kind of jobs. Many of the professions and jobs which are prohibited for the woman are also prohibited for the man, for example serving alcohol, working in gambling dens, doing any unethical or dishonest business. All these jobs are prohibited for both men and women. A true Islamic society requires women to take up profession such as doctors. We do require female Gynecologists, we do require female nurses, we do require female teachers. But, a woman in Islam has got no financial obligations – The financial obligation is laid on the shoulders of the man in the family – Therefore she need not work for her livelihood. But in genuine cases, where there are financial crisis in which both the ends do not meet, she has the option of working. Here too, no one can force her to work – She works out of her own, absolute free will. Financial Security for Women: A woman in Islam has been given more financial security, as compared to the man. As I told you earlier, the financial obligation is not put on her shoulder – It is put on the shoulder of the man in the family. It is the duty of the father or the brother, before she is married and the duty of the husband or the son, after she is married to look after her lodging, boarding, clothing and financial aspects of her. Compulsory Marital Gift for a Woman: When she gets married, she is on the receiving end. She receives a gift – she receives a dower or a marital gift, which is called as ‘Meher? E And it is mentioned in the Qur’an in Surah Nisa, Ch. 4 Verse No. 4 which says, ‘Give to the woman in dower, a marital gift? E For a marriage to solemnize in Islam, ‘Meher? Eis compulsory. But unfortunately in our Muslim society here, we just keep a nominal ‘Meher? Eto satisfy the Qur’an, say 151 Rupees, or some people give 786 Rupees and they spend lakhs and lakhs of Rupees on the reception, on the decoration, on the flowers, on the lunch parties, on the dinner parties. In Islam, there is no lower-limit, nor is there an upper limit for ‘Meher? E- But when a person can spend lakhs of Rupees on the reception, surely the ‘Meher ? Eshould be much more. There are various cultures which have crept into the Muslim societies, specially in the Indo-Pak area. They give a small amount of ‘Meher? Eand they expect the wife to give a fridge, to give a T. V set, they expect the wife to give an apartment, to give a car, etc. , and a large sum of dowry, depending upon the status of the husband. If he is a graduate, they may expect 1 lakh – If he is an engineer they may expect 3 lakhs – If he is a doctor they may expect 5 lakhs. Demanding dowry from the wife, directly or indirectly is prohibited in Islam. If the parents of the girl give the girl something out of their own free will, it is accepted – But demanding or forcing directly or indirectly, it is prohibited in Islam. No Financial Liabilities: If a Woman works, which she does not have to – whatever earning she gets, it is absolutely her property. She need not spend on the household – if she wants to spend it is her free will. Irrespective how rich the wife is, it is the duty of the husband to give lodging, boarding, clothing and look after the financial aspects of the wife. In case of divorce or if a wife gets widowed, she is given financial support for the period of ‘Iddah? E- and if she has children, she is also given child support. Right to Inherit: Islam gave the right to the women to inherit, centuries ago. If you read the Qur’an – in several verses, in Surah Nisa, in Surah Baqarah and in Surah Maidah, it is mentioned that a woman, irrespective she is a wife or she is a mother, or a sister, or a daughter, she has a right to inherit. And it has been fixed by God Almighty in the Qur’an. C. Social Rights of Women in Islam Broadly it can be categorized into four sub-headings. Social rights given to a daughter, to a wife, to a mother and to a sister. Social Rights to a Daughter: Islam prohibits, female infanticide. The killing of female children is forbidden in Islam. It is mentioned in Surah Taqveem, Ch. 81, Verse No. 8 and 9, ‘when the female child is buried alive and when she questions you, for what crime was she killed? E Not only female infanticide has been prohibited, all sorts of infanticides has been prohibited in Islam, whether it be a male child or a female child. It is mention in the Qur’an in Surah A’nam Ch. 6, Verse No. 151 that, ‘Kill not your children for want of sustenance for it is God that will provide sustenance for you and for children? E A similar thing is mentioned in Surah Isra, Ch. 17 Verse No. 31 which says? E‘Kill not your children for want of sustenance, for it is God that will provide sustenance to you and your children, for killing of children is a major sin? E In the pre-Islamic Arabia, whenever a female child was born mostly she was buried alive. Alhamdullillah, after the spread of Islam this evil practice has been discontinued. But unfortunately it still continues in India – According to a BBC report, in the programe assignment the title of which was ‘Let Her Die? E there was a British reporter by the name of Emily Beckenen, who came all the way from Britain to India to give us the statistics of the female infanticide. In that programe, it gives the statistics, that every day more than 3,000 fetuses are being aborted on being identified that they are females. If you multiply this figure by the number of days, that is multiplied by 365, you get a figure of more than one million female fetuses are being aborted every year in our country. And there are big hoarding and posters in states like Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan, which says spend 500 Rupees and save 5 lakh Rupees. What does it mean? – That spend Rupees 500 on medical examination like Aminocententus or Ultra Sonography, and identify the gender of child. If it is a female you can abort it and you’ll save 5 lakh Rupees – How? The couple of lakhs you spend on upbringing her and the remaining lakhs of Rupees you spend on giving dowry to the man who will marry her (a custom in India). According to the report of the Government Hospital of Tamil Nadu ? E‘out of every 10 female children that are born, four are put to death? E- No wonder the female population in India is less than the male population. Female infanticide was continuing in India since centuries – If you analyze the statistics of the 1901 census, for every 1000 males there were 972 females. According to the 1981 statistics and census, it tells you for every 1000 males you have 934 females. And the latest statistics of 1991 tells you that for every 1000 males you have 927 females. You can analyze that the female ratio is dropping every year – And since science and medicine has advanced, it has helped in this evil practice. Just because Islam tells you that you should not kill any children whether it be male or female will you call these rights in Islam as modernizing or outdated? Qur’an not only prohibits female infanticide, it rebukes at the thought of you rejoicing at the birth of a male child and getting saddened at the birth of a female child. In Islam, a daughter should be brought up correctly. In Islam, there should be no partiality in upbringing of the daughter or the son. According to a Hadith, ‘In the presence of the Prophet Muhammad, once a man kissed his son and placed him on his lap but did not do the same to his daughter. The Prophet immediately objected and said that you are unjust – You should have even kissed your daughter and placed her on the other lap? E Social Rights to Wife: All the previous civilizations, they have considered the women to be an ‘instrument of the devil? E The Qur’an refers to the women as ‘Mohsana? E that is a ‘fortress against the devil? E And if a woman, who’s good, marries a man, she prevents him from going on the wrong path. There’s a Hadith in which Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) he said that, ‘there is no monasticism in Islam? E. And again according to Sahih Bukhari, Volume No. 7, Ch. No. Hadith No 4 it says that ‘the Prophet Muhammad ordained the young men, all those who have the means to marry, they should marry – For it will help them to guard their gaze and guard their modesty. The Qur’an say’s that, ‘We have put love into the hearts of the husband and wife? E If you read Sura h Rum, Ch. 30, Verse No. 21 it says that, ‘And amongst our signs We have created for you mates or companions, so that you may dwell in them in tranquillity and we have put love and mercy between your hearts? E According to Surah Nisa, Ch. 4, Verse No. 21, marriage is considered as a strong agreement, a strong contract. According to Surah Nisa, Ch. 4, Verse No. 19, it says, ‘You are prohibited to inherit women against their will? E- Means, to marry the permission of both the parties are required. It is compulsory that the man and women both should agree to marry. No one – not even the father can force their daughter to marry against her wishes. There’s a Hadith in Sahih Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 62, Number 69, which says ‘that a lady she was forced by her father to marry against her wishes? E- And she went to the Prophet and the Prophet invalidated the marriage? E Another Hadith in Ibn-e-Humbal, Hadith No. 469, it says ‘that a daughter was forced by her father to get married – And when the daughter approached the Prophet, the Prophet said you can either continue, or if you wish you can invalidate the marriage. That means, the consent of both the male and the female is required. In Islam, a women is considered as a homemaker – She is not considered as a hou sewife, because she is not married to the house. Many people use terminology, without understanding what it means ? E‘Housewife? Emeans ‘you are the wife of the house? E So I believe, from now onwards the sisters would prefer calling themselves ‘homemakers? E than ‘house wives? E if they are occupied more in the home. In Islam, a woman, she is not married to a master that she should be treated like a slave – She is married to it is equal. And there is a Hadith which says in Ibn-Hambal – Hadith No 736, 7396. It says that, ‘the most perfect of the believers are those that are best in character and behavior, and those that are best to their family and their wives? E Islam gives equal rights to the man and woman. Qur’an clearly mentions that men and women, husband and wife have equal rights in all aspects, except leadership in the family. It is mentioned in the Qur’an in Surah Baqarah Ch. 2, Verse No. 228. It says that, ? E.. the women have been given rights similar against them (men) on equitable terms but the men have a degree higher†¦? E Most of the Muslims have misunderstood this verse, when it says ‘a men have a degree higher? E- As I said we should analyze the Qur’an as a whole. And its mentioned in Surah Nisa, Ch. 4, Verse No. 34 which says, ‘The men are the protectors and maintainers of the women, for God has given one of them more strength than the other and they give them their means? E People say the word ‘Kawwam? E means, ‘one degree higher in superiority? E- But actually the word ‘Kawwam? Ecomes from the root word ‘Ikamah? E ‘Ikamah? Emeans for example ‘when you give the Ikamah before prayers – You stand up? E So ‘Ikamah? Emeans to standup – so the word ‘Kawwam? Emeans one degree higher in responsibility, not one degree higher in superiority. Even if you read the commentary of ‘Ibne-Kathir? E- He says that the word ‘Kawwam? Emeans one degree higher in responsibility, not one degree higher in superiority. And this responsibility, should be carried out by mutual consent of both husband and wife. It is mentioned in Surah Baqarah, Ch. 2, Verse No. 187, which says, Which means? E‘Your wives are your garments, and you are their garments? E What’s the objective of garments – It is used to conceal and to beautify. The husband and wife, should conceal each others faults, and they should beautify each other – Its a relationship of hands and gloves. The Qur’an mentions that, ‘even if you do not like your wife, you should treat her kindly? E It is mentioned in Surah Nisa, Ch. 4, Verse No. 19, that, ? E.. consort with them (your wives) in kindness, for if you hate them it may happen that you hate a thing wherein God has placed much good. Even if you dislike your wife you have to treat her kindly and with equity Just because the rights of a wife are equal to those of the husband in Islam, will you call such rights in Islam as modernizing or outdated? Social Rights to a Mother: The only thing above respect to Mother, is the worship of God – It is mentioned in: Ch. 17, Verse No. 28-29, It says that? E‘God has ordained for you, that you worship none but Him, and to be kind to your parents. And if any one or both of them reach old age do not say a word of contempt or repel them but address them with honour, and speak to them with kindness, and lower your wing of humility and pray to God – ‘My Lord! bless them as they have cherished me in childhood? E Surah Nisa, Ch. No. 4, Verse No. 1 says, ‘Respect the womb that bore you? E Surah A’nam, Ch. 6, Verse No. 151, says that, ‘You have to be kind to your parents? E Surah Luqman Ch. 31, Verse No. 14, says that, ‘We have enjoined on the human beings to be kind to his parents. In travail upon travail, did their mother bore them and in years twain was their weaning? E A similar thing is repeated again in Surah Ahqaf, Ch. 46, Verse No. 15, that? E‘We have enjoined on the human beings to be kind to his parents. In pain did their mother bore them and in pain did she give them birth? E Another Hadith related in Sahih Bukhari in Volume 8, Ch. No. 2 Hadith No. 2, as well as in Sahih-Muslim – It says that a man asked the Prophet Muhammad? E‘Who requires the maximum love and respect and my companionship in this world? The Prophet replied ? E‘your mother? Ebr> ‘Who is next? E ? E‘your mother? Enbsp; ‘Who is next E? E‘your mother? Enbsp; The man asked for the fourth time, – ‘Who is next? Enbsp; The Prophet replied ‘your father? E So 75% of the love and respect goes to the mother and 25% of the love and respect goes to the father. Three fourth of the better part of the love and respect goes to the mother ? EOne fourth of the remaining part of the love and respect goes to the father. Social Rights to a Sister: According to Surah Tawbah, Ch. 9, Verse No. 71, it says that, ‘The men and the women they are friends of each other? E Prophet Muhammed (may peace be upon him) he said, ‘The women are the ‘Shakat? E-‘Shakat? Emeans sister? E D. Educational Rights to a Woman The first 5 verses which were revealed in the Qur’an were from Surah Alaq, or Surah Iqra, Verse No. 1 to 5 which says: ‘Read, recite or proclaim in the name of your Lord, Who has created the human beings from a congealed clot of blood (a leech like substance). Read, your Lord is most bountiful. Who has taught the use of the pen. Who has taught the human beings that which he knew-not? E The first guidance given in the Qur’an to the humankind was not to pray, was not to fast, was not to give charity – It was read – Islam pays utmost importance to education. Education is Compulsory in Islam: According to Quran: †¢God will exalt those of you who believe and those who are given knowledge to high degrees. (58:11) †¢And say, O my Lord! increase me in knowledge. (20:114) †¢And whoever is is given knowledge is given indeed abundant wealth. (2:269) According to a saying of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) â€Å"It is obligatory for every Muslim, male or female, to acquire knowledge (Al-Bayhaqi). Imagine, 1400 years ago, when the women were ill treated and were only used as property, Islam asked the women to be educated. Because Islam tells that every woman should be educated, – Will you call such women’s right’s in Islam as modernizing or outdated? E. Legal Rights to a Woman According to the Islamic law, men and women are equal – The Islamic Law protects the life and property of a man and woman both. If a man murders a woman he too will receive the capital punishment of ‘Kisaas? E According to the Islamic law of ‘Kisaas? E men and women – irrespective the injury be of the eye, of the nose, of the ear, of the body – both receive equal punishment. And if the guardian of the murderer, even it be a woman – If she says, that forgive the murderer and she accepts ‘Dia? E that is compensation – her opinion cannot be rejected – they have to accept it. And if there’s difference of opinion between the relatives of the person whose murdered – And some say that the murderer should be killed and some say that he should be forgiven and ‘Dia? Enbsp; should be accepted – people should prevent the relatives from killing that murderer. And irrespective whether the witness or the opinion is given by a man or woman, it has same weight. According to Surah Maida, Ch. , Verse No. 30 – It says? E‘As to the thief, whether he be man or a woman, cut off his or her hand as a punishment for his crime, an example from God? E Means, if a person robs, irrespective whether he is a man or a woman his or her hands should be chopped – The punishment is the same. According to Surah Nur, Ch . 24, Verse No. 2, it says ‘If any commits fornication, be it a man or a woman, flog them with 100 stripes? E The punishment for fornication in Islam irrespective whether it is a man or a woman, it is the same – Flogging with 100 stripes. The punishment for men and women, is the same in Islam. In Islam a woman is allowed to give witness Imagine, Islam gave right to a woman to be a witness, 14 centuries ago. Even now in as late as 1980, the Jewish Rabai, they were considering that whether the women should be given a right to act as a witness or not – And Islam gave that right 1400 years ago. Accord ¬ing to Surah Nur, Ch. 24, Verse No. 4, it is said ‘If any of you put a charge against the chastity of a woman, produce 4 witnesses, and if they falter, flog them with 80 stripes? E In Islam for a small crime, you require 2 witness – for a big crime you require 4 witnesses. Accusing a woman falsely is a big crime in Islam, therefore you require 4 witnesses. Now a days you see in the modern society, you find men abusing women and calling them all sorts of name. They call them prostitutes etc, and nothing is done. In an Islamic state, if a man calls her a ‘prostitute? Ein public or anywhere else, and if she takes that man to court – And if that man cannot produce 4 witnesses or even if he produces 4 witnesses and any one of them falter, all of them will receive 80 lashes each, and in future all their evidence will be rejected. Islam gives utmost importance to the chastity of the woman. When a lady marries, she normally adopts the name of her husband. In Islam she has the option of either keeping her husband’s name, either adopting the name of the husband, or maintaining her maiden name. And maintaining the maiden name is recommended in Islam – And we find in several Muslim societies that women, even after they get married they maintain their maiden name, because according to the Islamic law men and women are equal. Will you call such rights in Islam modernizing or outdated? F. Political Rights of a Woman According to Surah Tawba, Ch. 9, Verse No. 71, ‘The men and the women they are friends (supporters) of each other? E Supporters not only Socially – even Politically ? EPolitically, men and women should support each other. Women can even take part in law making. And according to the famous Hadith in which Hazrat Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), he was discussing with the Sahabas, and considering putting an upper limit on the ‘Meher ? E since young men were discouraged from getting married – a lady from the back seat she objected and said When the Qur’an says in Surah Nisa Ch. , Verse No. 20 that? E ‘you can even give a heap of treasure, a heap of gold in ‘Meher? E when Qur’an puts no limit on ‘Meher? E who is Umar to put a limit (may Allah be pleased with him). And immediately Hazrat Umar (peace be upon him) said? E‘Umar is wrong and the lady is right? E Imagine, she was a common lady – If it would have been a famous lady, the name of the lady would be mentioned in the Hadith. Since the Hadith does not mention the name of the lady, we can understand that the lady was a common lady. Means, even a common lady can object to the ‘Khalifa? E the head of the state. And in technical terms it would be called that ? E‘she is objecting to the breach of the constitution? E- because Qur’an is the constitution of the Muslims – That means a woman can even take part in law making. Women have even taken part in the battle fields There is a full chapter in the Sahih Bukhari mentioning women in the battle field – Women gave water – they give first aid to the soldiers. Because the Qur’an says ‘Man is the protector of the ‘Woman? E Under normal circumstances, the women should not go to the battle field. It is the duty of the man. Only when required, under necessity are women allowed – and they should go to the battle field if they want. Otherwise you’ll have the same position as you are having in the USA. Women in USA are Not Safe In USA women were allowed to join the battle since 1901 but they were not allowed to take active part – They only played the part of a nurse. Later on after the ‘Feminist Movement? Ehad started in 1973, the ‘Feminist movement? Edemand ¬ed ? E‘Why aren’t women allowed to take active part in the battle field E/font> So the American government allowed women to take active part in the battle field. And according to a report of the Defense Department of America, which was released on the 23rd of April, 1993 it said that, ? E0 people were sexually assaulted in a convention, out of which 83 were women and 117 officers were charged with in disciplinary action? E Imagine in one convention only, 83 women sexually assaulted. What was the crime of those 117 officers? They made the women run and they snatched at their clothes. They made them parade absolutely nude without even covering the genital parts. They were made to have sex in public. Is this what you call ‘Women’s rights? E If you think that this is what is ‘Women’s right? E then you can keep your rights to yourselves. We do not want our sisters, our daughters our mothers to be sexually assaulted. And there was a uproar in the parliament and the President, Bill Clinton – he himself had to apologize publicly and he said, ‘Necessary action will be taken? E And you know when politicians say ‘necessary action will be taken, what happens. So Islam allows women to take part in the battle field only when required. But there also they should maintain their Islamic dress and the Islamic ethics, and their modesty. USA Has One of the Highest Rates of Rape United States of America is supposed to be one of the most advanced countries of the world. It also has one of the highest rates of rape in any country in the world. According to a FBI report, in the year 1990, every day on an average 1756 cases of rape were committed in U. S. A alone. Later another report said that on an average everyday 1900 cases of rapes are committed in USA. The year was not mentioned. May be it was 1992 or 1993. May be the Americans got ‘bolder? Ein the following years. Islamic Law Let's Women Breathe Easily Consider a scenario where the Islamic law is implemented in America. Whenever a man looks at a woman and any brazen or unashamed thought comes to his mind, he lowers his gaze. Every woman wears the Islamic dress as mentioned in Quran. After this if any man commits rape he is given capital punishment. I ask you, in such a scenario, will the rate of rape in America increase, will it remain the same, or will it decrease? If Islamic law is implemented in any part of the world, women will breathe easier. Conclusion Before I conclude, I’d like to give an example. As I said in the beginning of my talk, Islam believes in equality between men and women – Equality does not mean identicality. Suppose in a classroom 2 students, student ‘A? Eand ‘B? E during an examination both come out first – Both secure 80% marks – 80 out of 100. When you analyze the question paper, the question paper has 10 differ ¬ent questions, each carrying 10 marks. In question 1 student ‘A? Egot 9 out of 10, and student ‘B? Egot 7 out of 10 – So in question 1 student ‘A? Ewas higher than student ‘B? E In question 2, student ‘A? Egot 7 out of 10 and student ‘B? Egot 9 out of 10 – Student ‘B? Ewas higher than student ‘A? Ein question number 2. In question 3 both of them got 8 out of 10, both were equal. So when we add up the marks of all the ten questions, both student ‘A? Eand ‘B? Egot 80 out of 100. So in short, student ‘A? Eand student ‘B? Eare over all equal. In some questions ‘A? Eis higher than ‘B? E in some questions ‘B? Eis higher than ‘A? E in others both are equal. In the same fashion, taking the example that since God has given man more strength – Suppose a thief enters the house will you tell, ‘I believe in women’s rights – I believe in women’s rights? E – will you tell your mother, your sister and your daughter, to go and fight the thief E No, but natural you’ll fight him – If required they may interfere – Under normal circumstances since God has given you more physical strength, you have to go and tackle the thief. So here, in physical strength, man is one degree higher than the woman Let us take another example where it comes to respecting the parents – The children are supposed to respect the mother 3 times more than the father (as mentioned earlier). Here the women have one degree higher than the men – Over all both equal So Islam believes in equality, not identically – Men and women are over all equal in Islam. This was in brief, the highlights, of ‘the Women’s Rights in Islam? E After this what the Muslim society did is different – Many of the Muslim societies did not give the women their rights and they deviated away from the Qur’an and the Sunnah. The Western society is largely responsible for this – because of the Western societies, many Muslim societies have become over protective, over precautions and have gone to one extreme and deviated away from the Qur’an and the Sunnah. On the other extreme, some of the Muslim societies turned to the Western culture, and followed their culture. I want to tell the Western society that if you analyze the women’s rights in Islam according to the Qur’an and the Sunnah – you will realize it is modernizing and not outdated.